Krashen's+Work

** Stephen D. Krashen // "Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding." -- Stephen D. Krashen

Stephen D. Krashen is a professor at the University of Southern California. He is an expert in the field of linguistics and specializes in the theories of language acquisition and development. During the past 20 years, he has written well over a 100 books and been invited to over 300 lectures that involve his research of non-English and bilingual language acquisition. Stephen D. Krashen and Tracy Terrell developed the Natural Approach to second language acquisition which has made an impact on second language research. // ** ** The Natural Approach ** The Natural approach primarily focuses on acquiring a second language rather than learning a second language. The approach states that to successfully acquire a second language, the students need to be in a natural context. The Natural approach's principles help provide guidelines a teacher can follow to best teach the students: comprehension precedes production (do not ask students to repeat or produce language until they are comfortable), production emerges in stages, make instructional focuson meaning rather than context, syllabus based on communicative goals, and make sure student's anxiety levels are low (Sherman & Gordon, n.d.).

** Five Hypotheses: ** Information taken from [|Krashen SLA notions]
 * **Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis:** The hypothesis states there are two ways of learning a second language: acquisition and learning. Acquiring a language occurs subconsciously and learning is developed through education.
 * **The Natural Order Hypothesis:** The hypothesis states that teachers should not follow any ordered pattern when they are teaching grammatical structures.
 * **The Monitor Hypothesis:** The hypothesis describes the relationships that exist between acquiring and learning a language. Acquisition is responsible for producing fluency while the learning process helps with the correcting or "monitoring" what has been acquired.
 * **The Input Hypothesis:** The hypothesis states that ideal input has three characteristics: (comprehensible input)
 * The focus is on the meaning, more than how it is spoken.
 * Speaking emerges on its own when the learner's understand is good enough.
 * The best inout is not grammatically sequenced.
 * **The Affective Filter Hypothesis:** The hypothesis states that a second language learner needs to have low anxiety, high motivations, and self-confidence to acquire a second language.

 **Resources:** [|Stephen D. Krashen] The website provides books, articles, and handouts by Stephen Krashen.

[|Second Language Acquisition and Learning] The website directs you to the book //Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning// written by Stephen D. Krashen.

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 140%;"> **References:** //<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 140%;">No author. (n.d.). Krashen SLA notions. Retrieved from []

<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 140%;">Schutz, R. (2007). Stephen Krashen's theory of second language acquisition. Retrieved from [] // <span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 120%; font-weight: normal;">//<span style="font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 140%;"> Sherman, B. & Gordon, J. (n.d.). The Natural Approach. Retrieved from  [] //

** Enjoy the wiki! Kimberly Gannon MTSU Graduate Assistant kdc3x@mtsu.edu  **